ParserLibrary 1.0.11

ParserLibrary

No Other Expression Parser, Ever

About / How it began

I wanted to write my "custom terminal" that used interactive commands with expressions. Other Expression builders used only numbers as basic entities which I did not want; this is something too common. I wanted some variables to represent musical notes/chords, or even *vectors and matrices and some other to represent numbers. The only way, was to build an Expression builder that could allow custom types. Obviously, the default capability of handling numerical values was needed as a start. Let's speed up with the some examples.

The library is based on modern programming tools and can be highly customized. Its basic features:

• Default support for double arithmetic (via DefaultParser), complex arithmetic (via ComplexParser).
• Logger customization (typically via the appsettings.json ).
• Full control of unary and binary operators via configuration files (typically appsettings.json).
• Support for custom data types and/or combination of custom data types with standard data types (such as int, double).
• Support for custom functions with arbitrary number of arguments. Each one of these may be a custom type.

Built with modern tools:

• .NET 6.0
• Use of .NET Generic Host (i.e Dependency Inversion/Injection principles, Logging, Configuration) (see NET Generic Host for more). All derived Parsers are typically singletons.
• Support for custom loggers (Serilog is implemented by default)

There are 2 main classes: the Tokenizer and the Parser. Both of them are base classes and adapt to the corresponding interfaces ITokenizer and IParser. Let's uncover all the potential by giving examples with incrementally added functionality.

Examples

Using the DefaultParser

//This is a simple expression, which uses variables and literals of type double, and the DefaultParser.
double result = (double)App.Evaluate( "-5.0+2*a", new() { { "a", 5.0 } });
Console.WriteLine(result);  //5

//2 variables example (spaces are obviously ignored)
double result2 = (double)App.Evaluate("-a + 500 * b + 2^3", new() { { "a", 5 }, { "b", 1 } });
Console.WriteLine(result2); //503

The first example is the same with the example below: the second way uses explicitly the DefaultParser, which can be later overriden in order to use a custom Parser.

//The example below uses explicitly the DefaultParser.
var app = App.GetParserApp<DefaultParser>();
var parser = app.Services.GetParser();
double result = (double)parser.Evaluate("-5.0+2*a", new() { { "a", 5.0 } });

Let's use some functions already defined in the DefaultParser

double result3 = (double)App.Evaluate("cosd(phi)^2+sind(phi)^2", new() { { "phi", 45 } });
Console.WriteLine(result3); //  1.0000000000000002

...and some constants used in the DefaultParser

Console.WriteLine(App.Evaluate("5+2*cos(pi)+3*ln(e)")); //will return 5 - 2 + 3 -> 6

Adding new functions to the DefaultParser

That was the boring stuff, let's start adding some custom functionality. Let's add a custom function add3 that takes 3 arguments. For this purpose, we create a new subclass of DefaultParser. Note that we can add custom logging via dependency injection (some more examples will follow on this). For the moment, ignore the constructor. We assume that the add3 functions sums its 3 arguments with a specific weight.

private class SimpleFunctionParser : DefaultParser
{
    public SimpleFunctionParser(ILogger<Parser> logger, ITokenizer tokenizer, IOptions<TokenizerOptions> options) : base(logger, tokenizer, options)
    {
    }

    protected override object EvaluateFunction(Node<Token> functionNode, Dictionary<Node<Token>, object> nodeValueDictionary)
    {
        double[] a = GetDoubleFunctionArguments(functionNode, nodeValueDictionary);

        return functionNode.Text.ToLower() switch
        {
            "add3" => a[0] + 2 * a[1] + 3 * a[2],
            //for all other functions use the base class stuff (DefaultParser)
            _ => base.EvaluateFunction(functionNode, nodeValueDictionary)
        };
    }
}

Let's use our first customized Parser:

var parser = App.GetCustomParser<SimpleFunctionParser>();
double result = (double)parser.Evaluate("8 + add3(5.0,g,3.0)", new() { { "g", 3 } }); // will return 8 + (5 + 2 * 3 + 3 * 3.0) i.e -> 28

Another ready to use Parser is the ComplexParser for complex arithmetic. In fact, the application of the Parser for Complex numbers is a first application of a custom data type (i.e. other that double). Let's see an example (Complex belongs to the System.Numerics namespace):

using System.Numerics; //needed if we want to further use the result
...
var cparser = App.GetCustomParser<ComplexParser>();
//unless we override the i or j variables, both are considered to correspond to the imaginary unit
Complex result = (Complex)cparser.Evaluate("(1+3*i)/(2-3*i)"); 
Console.WriteLine(result); // (-0.5384615384615385, 0.6923076923076924)
Complex result2 = (Complex)cparser.Evaluate("(1+3*i)/b", new() { { "b", new Complex(2,-3)} });
Console.WriteLine(result2); //same result

Using custom types

Let's assume that we have a class named Item, which we want to interact with integer numbers and with other Item objects:

public class Item
{
    public string Name { get; set; }

    public int Value { get; set; } = 0;

    //we define a custom operator for the type to simplify the evaluateoperator example later
    //this is not 100% needed, but it keeps the code in the CustomTypeParser simpler
    public static Item operator +(int v1, Item v2) =>
        new Item { Name = v2.Name , Value = v2.Value + v1 };
    public static Item operator +(Item v2, int v1) =>
        new Item { Name = v2.Name, Value = v2.Value + v1 };

    public static Item operator +(Item v1, Item v2) =>
        new Item { Name = $"{v1.Name} {v2.Name}", Value = v2.Value + v1.Value };

    public override string ToString() => $"{Name} {Value}";

}

A custom parser that uses custom types should derive from the Parser class. Because the Parser class does not assume any type in advance, we should override the EvaluateLiteral function which is used to parse the integer numbers in the string, In the following example we define the + operator, which can take an Item object or an int for its operands. We also define the add function, which assumes that the first argument is an Item and the second argument is an int. In practice, the Function syntax is usually stricter regarding the type of the arguments, so it is easier to write its implementation:

public class CustomTypeParser : Parser
{
    public CustomTypeParser(ILogger<Parser> logger, ITokenizer tokenizer, IOptions<TokenizerOptions> options) : base(logger, tokenizer, options)
    { }


    //we assume that literals are integer numbers only
    protected override object EvaluateLiteral(string s) => int.Parse(s);

    protected override object EvaluateOperator(Node<Token> operatorNode, Dictionary<Node<Token>, object> nodeValueDictionary)
    {
        (object LeftOperand, object RightOperand) = operatorNode.GetBinaryArguments(nodeValueDictionary);

        //we assume the + operator
        if (operatorNode.Text == "+")
        {
            //we manage all combinations of Item/Item, Item/int, int/Item combinations here
            if (LeftOperand is Item && RightOperand is Item)
                return (Item)LeftOperand + (Item)RightOperand;

            return LeftOperand is Item ?  (Item)LeftOperand + (int)RightOperand : (int)LeftOperand + (Item)RightOperand;
        }

        return base.EvaluateOperator(operatorNode, nodeValueDictionary);
    }

    protected override object EvaluateFunction(Node<Token> functionNode, Dictionary<Node<Token>, object> nodeValueDictionary)
    {
        var a = functionNode.GetFunctionArguments(nodeValueDictionary);

        return functionNode.Text switch
        {
            "add" => (Item)a[0] + (int)a[1],
            _ => base.EvaluateFunction(functionNode, nodeValueDictionary)
        };
    }

}

Now we can use the CustomTypeParser for parsing our custom expression:

var parser = App.GetCustomParser<CustomTypeParser>();
Item result = (Item)parser.Evaluate("a + add(b,4) + 5",
    new() {
        {"a", new Item { Name="foo", Value = 3}  },
        {"b", new Item { Name="bar"}  }
    });
Console.WriteLine(result); // foo bar 12

more examples to follow soon...

The appsettings.json configuration file

The appsettings.json configuration file is crucial, when the user wants to have precise control over the tokenizer and the logger as well. The library is configured to use Serilog for debugging and informational purposes. The Serilog section (see Serilog configuration for more) typically can be configured to output to the Console and/or to an external file. In order to show less messages in the case below, we can use "Information" instead of "Debug" for the Console output. The logger can be accessed via the _logger field in every Parser subclass, so we can output debug/informational/critical messages to the screen/to a file in a controlled manner. The _logger field is of type ILogger, so Serilog is not the only type of logger that can be used (although it is recommended). The tokenizer options include the following properties:

• caseSensitive : if false, then the tokenizer/parser should be case insensitive
• tokenPatterns : this includes the regular expression patterns or simple string characters for identifying any token
  • identifier : regular expression to identify variable and function names as tokens
  • literal : regular expresssion to identify all literal -typically numeric- values
  • openParenthesis, closeParenthesis, argumentSeparator : the characters which correspond to the parenthesis pair and the argument separator
  • unary : the unary array defines all unary operators. The priority of unary operator priority is in general higher than the binary operators
  • operators : the operators array defines all binary operators. All binary operators are left-to-right by default except if specified otherwise (just like the exponent operator '^') Operators with higher priority have higher precedence for the calculations. The priority is overriden as always via the use of parentheses, which are identified as defined above.

{
  "Serilog": {
    "MinimumLevel": "Debug",
    "WriteTo": [
      {
        "Name": "Console",
        "Args": {
          "restrictedToMinimumLevel": "Debug"
        }
      }
    ]
  },

  "tokenizer": {
    "version": "1.0",
    "caseSensitive": false,
    "tokenPatterns": {
      "identifier": "[A-Za-z_]\\w*",
      "literal": "\\b(?:\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)\\b",
      "openParenthesis": "(",
      "closeParenthesis": ")",
      "argumentSeparator": ",",

      "unary": [
        {
          "name": "-",
          "priority": 3,
          "prefix": true
        },
        {
          "name": "+",
          "priority": 3,
          "prefix": true
        },
        {
          "name": "!",
          "priority": 3,
          "prefix": true
        },
        {
          "name": "%",
          "priority": 3,
          "prefix": false
        },
        {
          "name": "*",
          "priority": 3,
          "prefix": false
        }
      ],
      "operators": [
        {
          "name": ",",
          "priority": 0
        },
        {
          "name": "+",
          "priority": 1
        },
        {
          "name": "-",
          "priority": 1
        },
        {
          "name": "*",
          "priority": 2
        },
        {
          "name": "/",
          "priority": 2
        },
        {
          "name": "^",
          "priority": 4,
          "lefttoright": false
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

The appsettings.json file should exist in the same folder with the executable, so be sure that the file is set to be copied to the output directory. For example, inside the project file, the following block should be included:

<ItemGroup>
    <EmbeddedResource Include="appsettings.json">
        <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
    </EmbeddedResource>
</ItemGroup>

Note that we are not bound to use the specific name for the configuration file. For example, we want to keep the appsettings.json file for the logger configuration, and have another file parsersettings.json for the tokenizer (which should be also in the same directory with the executable). In order to define the parsersettings.json file, we define it as an argument when retrieving the IHost app instance, or immediately the IParser parser instance via the following calls:

var app = App.GetParserApp<DefaultParser>("parsersettings.json");
var parser = app.Services.GetParser();

//or to immediately get the parser

var parser2 = App.GetCustomParser<DefaultParser>("parsersettings.json");

Note, that in both cases above, the appsettings.json is also read (if found). The parsersettings.json file has higher priority, in case there are some conflicting options.

Parsers

All derived Parsers use parenthesis pairs ((, )) by default to override the operators priority. The priority of the operators is internally defined in the DefaultParser. A custom Parser can override the default operator priority and use other than the common operators using an external appsettings.json file, which will be analyzed in later examples.

The DefaultParser

The DefaultParser class for the moment accepts the followig operators:

• + : plus sign (unary) and plus (binary)
• - : negative sign (unary) and minus (binary)
• * : multiplication
• / : division
• ^ : power

and the following functions:

• abs(x): Absolute value
• acos(x): Inverse cosine (in radians)
• acosd(x): Inverse cosine (in degrees)
• acosh(x): Inverse hyperbolic cosine
• asin(x): Inverse sine (in radians)
• asind(x): Inverse sine (in degrees)
• asinh(x): Inverse hyperbolic sine
• atan(x): Inverse tangent (in radians)
• atand(x): Inverse tangent (in degrees)
• atan2(y,x): Inverse tangent (in radians)
• atan2d(y,x): Inverse tangent (in degrees)
• atanh(x): Inverse hyperbolic tangent
• cbrt(x): Cube root
• cos(x): Cosine (x in radians)
• cosd(x): Cosine (x in degrees)
• cosh(x): Hyperbolic cosine
• exp(x): Exponential function (e^x)
• log(x) / ln(x): Natural logarithm
• log10(x): Base 10 logarithm
• log2(x): Base 2 logarithm
• logn(x,n): Base n logarithm
• max(x,y): Maximum
• min(x,y): Minimum
• pow(x,y): Power function (x^y)
• round(x,y): Round to y decimal digits
• sin(x): Sine (x in radians)
• sind(x): Sine (x in degrees)
• sinh(x): Hyperbolic sine
• sqr(x) / sqrt(x): Square root
• tan(x): Tangent (x in radians)
• tand(x): Tangent (x in degrees)
• tanh(x): Hyperbolic tangent

The following constants are also defined unless the same names are overriden by the variables dictionary when calling the Evaluate function:

• pi : The number π (see π)
• e : Euler's number (see e)
• phi : The golden ratio φ (see φ)

The ComplexParser

The ComplexParser class for the moment accepts the followig operators:

• + : plus sign (unary) and plus (binary)
• - : negative sign (unary) and minus (binary)
• * : multiplication
• / : division
• ^ : power

and the following functions:

• abs(z): Absolute value
• acos(z): Inverse cosine (in radians)
• acosd(z): Inverse cosine (in degrees)
• asin(z): Inverse sine (in radians)
• asind(z): Inverse sine (in degrees)
• atan(z): Inverse tangent (in radians)
• atand(z): Inverse tangent (in degrees)
• cos(z): Cosine (z in radians)
• cosd(z): Cosine (z in degrees)
• cosh(z): Hyperbolic cosine
• exp(z): Exponential function (e^z)
• log(z) / ln(z): Natural logarithm
• log10(z): Base 10 logarithm
• log2(z): Base 2 logarithm
• logn(z,n): Base n logarithm
• pow(z,y): Power function (z^y)
• round(z,y): Round to y decimal digits
• sin(z): Sine (z in radians)
• sind(z): Sine (z in degrees)
• sinh(z): Hyperbolic sine
• sqr(z) / sqrt(z): Square root
• tan(z): Tangent (z in radians)
• tand(z): Tangent (z in degrees)
• tanh(z): Hyperbolic tangent

The following constants are also defined unless the same names are overriden by the variables dictionary when calling the Evaluate function:

• i , j : The Imaginary Unit (see imaginary unit)
• pi : The number π (see π)
• e : Euler's number (see e)

more documentation to follow soon...